吉隆坡中华独中发展的社会资本 The Social Capital in the Development of Chong Hwa Independent High School, Kuala Lumpur

Abstract

马来西亚的华文教育自十九世纪末就与传统华人会馆结下了不解之缘。无论在学校的创建、资金来源与办学方针上，会馆都扮演着很重要的角色。马来亚自1957年独立后，迄今许多华校仍然仰赖会馆的支持，不仅华文独立中学如此，华文小学和接受改制的国民中学亦然。本文试图以社会资本作为分析工具，来探讨雪兰莪暨吉隆坡福建会馆和吉隆坡中华独中的关系。本文会集中讨论吉隆坡中华独中里以福建人为主的社会资本如何为学校获取如经费、校地、社会网络等各种资源。社会资本作为一项生产性的资本，让学校能够维持并且持续发展。本文运用了社会资本的视角如信任、社会网络、互惠互利、集体行动来分析这两者之间的关系。笔者认为吉隆坡中华独中继承了中华学校以福建会馆这个地缘性会馆作为载体的社会资本。随着非福建人的加入，中华独中的社会资本从原本以福建人为主的黏合性社会资本发展成了连接性社会资本。

Chinese education in Malaysia has formed an indelible bond with the Chinese associations since the 19th Century. The Chinese associations play a vital role in the Chinese schools’ establishment, funding sources, and school policies. After the independence of Malaya in 1957, many Chinese schools in Malaysia, including Independent Chinese Secondary Schools, Chinese primary schools, and national-type secondary schools have continued to rely on the support of Chinese associations. This article examines the relationship between the Selangor and Kuala Lumpur Hokkien Association and Kuala Lumpur Chong Hwa Independent High School by using the social capital theory as analysis tool. This study discusses how the Hokkien-based social capital solicited funds, acquired school land, extended networks, and other resources for the Kuala Lumpur Chong Hwa Independent High School. As a productive capital, social capital enables the school to maintain and thrive. This article uses the concepts in the social capital theory such as trust, social network, mutual benefits, and collective action to study the relationship between the school and the Hokkien Association. It is believed that Chong Hwa Independent High School has inherited the social capital that had formed using the Hokkien Association as a carrier.
The bonding social capital in Chong Hwa High School has developed into bridging social capital after non-Hokkiens joined the Board of Directors of the school.